2.
  -2021
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. (1)         
(ii)        ?
2.     ?         

-
3.            
       ?-
4.    -   ?   AC  U   

?
-
5.      ?        
    ?
2.
6.    ?          
   ?
-
7. (1)        
(ii)         ?
8. (1)             
  ?
(ii)         
  -2021
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. (1)         
(ii)        ?
:  (i):         
󹏡󼐠󼐡󹏢󷺎󷺏󼐚󼐛󼐜󼐝󷺔󷺕󼐢󷺖󼐞󼐟󹔱󹔲󹏧󹏨   
2.
           ,  1932  
    
       
  :
"                 
          "
         :
󼨻󼨼      (  )
  :
     - , ,   ,   ,
    ( ""   )
   , ,    ( )    
          (  )
                   
  
     - 
    
󹸯󹸭󹸮   
                  :
1.  
     -  ,  ,    
:        ,     
  
2.  
, ,      
:      ,        

3.    
        
:              -  
     
2.
4.   
 -      -      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   
      , "       -   
   "
1. 󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 :
     '    -   ,     
2. 󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔  :
      - 
  (    '
  
)
3. 󷃆󹸊󹸋 '   :
  ,  ,           
 
󼿰󼿱󼿲    
,          ,         
  
󽅂1.      
      '   ,    ' 
 ,             -   
    ?
󽅂2.    
 -       
        
󽅂3.     
                   
, ,          
󽅂4.      
   '  
   ,    
      

2.
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏 (i)  :    -   


  
1932    
  
  ,  , -

 ,   , -

   ,    
,  
󺠩󺠪 (ii):        ?
               :
" -  - 
  ?"
   ,
" ,   ,    , ,         
 "
     ,
"  ,         ,   3      
        

 "
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬1.    ?
                 
 ,     
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘  :   ,         
     ,       '   :
  

  
-   :
              ?
         ?
2.
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔2.   ?
          -    (  )  
     () 
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘  :   ,         ,  
           ,       

 ( - ) ,     -   
   
   , -       
󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝3.     ?
       :   ?     
 ,      ?
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘  :     20          
           ?
 :
   ( )    ?
         (    )?
            
󷆫󷆪       
      -      ,     
  :
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿4.      
 ,         
 
:     100  ,   70     ,    
 
󹱩󹱪5.    
2.
              
  :
    
  
    
  ,         ,    -    !
󷉃󷉄6.      
                
:         ,      
   -          
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔7.   
        
             ,    
 ,        
   
     :

 
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂:  -    
   ,    :
",   -       
  , ,  
     " "         ,  
                 
 
     ,        
  "
2.
   , " ,           -
     
,     "
2.     ?         

:󷅶󷅱󷅺󷅷󷅸󷅹 
 -      
   
           
 : 2  + 3 
 : 3  + 2 
 : 1  + 4 
       ,          
                 
 
  
     

    - 
-       -      
       
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤    ?
  :
           -   
   
  ( )     
 ,  
        (  ),    
        -          
󷃆󼽢  ( )
     '          
   
        ,      "" 
󷋹󷋺󷋻󷋼󷋽󹳦󹳤󹳧:     ()
    ,              :  
 
2.
 ,    :"   3   1    ,     ?"
  
    , ""
   : “2   2    ?”      , “, 
 !”
: “1   3    ?” ,    , “,      
      
       -       
 
  (3,1), (2,2), (1,3)   (X- '   Y- '  )
'  ,  
        
     -    
        
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫    
        ,    

 :
1.  
           
2.   

     2  (      )  
3.   
         
4.  
     
  ,       (

 " B  A   ",   "A  40     B 30 
 ")
5.      
 
          ,       
   
󹳣󹳤󹳥  
              :
2.
󷃆󷃊       

?

  
    
 ,        
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒:      ,         
 
󷃆󷃋   = 
       ,  
 , 
       
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒: ((2 , 2  )  3 , 3    
󷃆󷃌      

    ,           -     , 
  
󷃆󷃍     

?
        
󷃆󹸊󹸋    (MRS)  ?
                     
               
󼨐󼨑󼨒  :
  1    2     
  ,       1     
          -      
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
 
 , 
     
2.
    ,       
     


  
    
󹲋󹲌󹲍󹲎󹲏󹲓󹲔󹲐󹲑󹲒   ?
       
        
       
󷃆󹹳󹹴󹹵󹹶 :
  :
   = ₹10
    = ₹20
    = ₹100
    :
10 ×  + 20 ×   = 100
 ,    ,     
 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   ?
          
 
              
     
              
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔     
?
      :
   ₹100               
      -      (     )
   ,           '   (   ) 
      
2.
   ':
    =    
,
 =    /    
  ,                 
󺂟󺂠󺂧󺂡󺂢󺂣󺂤󺂥󺂦󺂨    (  )
  ,     :
X-:  X   (   )
Y-: Y   (    )
3    (IC1, IC2, IC3)
   (       -     )
 E '   (   IC2    )
-  :
IC1 =  
IC2 =        ( )
IC3 =  
󷗛󷗜       -    
     ₹500        
:
1  = ₹100
1   = ₹50
   :
5 , 0 
4 , 2 
3 , 4 
2.
2 , 6 
0 , 10 
     
,  ,       :
  ,  
= 
  ,  
= -!
 2   6    -           
   
     -             
  
-
3.            
       ?-
:      

    ,  -   ,   ,      
  ,       :           
  ?  ,         ,  
    ,     ,      ,
         -       
        
 
     '          ,   
       
 -   ,     
,          
1.   :     
  ,            (" 
,"      )         ,    
 (" ,"       )         
 ,      
 :   ,  ,    
 :   ,   ,   
2.
        ,           
                 '   
     ,  ( )         ,  -
     -      -  
      ,         ' 
2.  I:    

                
           ,      ,   
  
     -  
  
 I  ,                
     
:
      ,   (,   ,   )  
  
           ,
             
       
             -  
 - -       
    
     , ,           
  -       -    
       20  30      ,     
,     
 

  20   
 
2.
  25  ( !)  
 
    30    (  '!)
      I ,       ,   
      
3.  II:    

  ,            
   
 ,    
30   ,     20
   ;  ,  15    ,      
  
?
 II  ,    ()        ,  
    :
 ' -  -    ,          
        ,       
   
    ,      ,    
     
       
 
 
 
             ,     
       ,       -    
  -                  
  
     ,      
     
 ₹600
    15     ₹40       ₹600  
                   
 '  
4.  III:    
       
      ,            
            2    ;     
2.
     5  
         ,  
        
   
  III ,       :
         
      
 ,       ,       
-        
 ,     
  
         ,   
      
               , 
        
 :  ,    
      
          
 ?     
       
1.    
   ,      -  ,  ,  

             ;  
,          
          , 
    
       
2.     
           -    , 
  -    
           ,        ,
       ,   

3.    
                
            
 
2.
                
           ,   
     
4.    
     '       ;  
            
     
        
 ,    
 
5.     
          ,   
           
   ,      ,       '
-    
 :    
    ,        
    
,        -       - 
    
 1: 10   100    
 5: 14   160         
    ( I)
 10:20   250          
( II)
 25:30    220        , 
  ,    ( III)
      
 :  ,   ,  
  -      II         
,         
  
           :   
            ,    ,  
           -  ,  , 
  -    ,   ,       
   
2.
  ,   :           
                
  ,    ,       
,    ,   ,         
     -                 
          
4.    -   ?   AC  U   

?
:     :   
     ,         ,

         
  ,   ,  
  '    -          '   ,
       ,           
                  
     
       -         -   , 
         (AC)    
    
,  U             , 
       
,             
      
1.    
     ,        - -  
                 
           :
  (FC)      
,     
   ,   ,       ₹20,000  
          ,     -   ""
  (VC), ,        -
-      100  
 ,     ₹500 ;
  200 
 ,   ₹1,000      '   
 
2.
  (TC) FC + VC    ,       
 = ₹20,000 () + ₹X ( ) 
    VC ₹10,000 
 ,  TC ₹30,000 '  
  (AC)     :
 =  / 
  1,000  
 ,      ₹30       
 ₹40          
   (AFC)  -    ,    
:
 =  / 
500  ', AFC ₹40 ; 1,000 ',     ₹20   
   (AVC)  VC  :
  =  / 
        1,000   ₹12,000 ,  AVC ₹12 
  (MC)            :
 = Δ / Δ
 101
    VC ₹12,000  ₹12,012   ,  MC = ₹12   
  FC, VC, TC, AC, AFC, AVC,  MC        

          ,    ,      
  '   
2. -  -:    
U-  AC     ,         :
  -             
-  
            
 ,       
 
             '  ' 
  ,      ,         
    ,       
     '          U-
 AC   
3. -  -  :  - 
2.
                  
,   ,     ,         

 ""  
   ?         
:
 I:    ( )
1.     -     
 ,    
             500  
 AFC = ₹20,000/500 = ₹40   1,000    AFC   
₹20    AFC        AC    
2.  '   ( )        '
 ,         :      , 
     ,        
        ,   
  
     MC AC    , AC    
  ,     -  AFC     - AC    
      
 II:     ( )
1.  '         ,       
             ;  
  ;                 
    '  (MC)     
2.            MC AC     , 
              AC  
  1,500           ,  
     ,  -         - 
       
 MC         U    :  
-   ,       '  
4.   :  
    
,     
   
       ;       
    :
    , AC   50  '    
2.
120  , AC  -  '   -      
    
120  ,        ,       
 ,      AC    
     U    
           
            
5.    U  
  
 U       
;     
    :
            AC      - U
    - 
         , 
 AC   
   
      AC      AVC    ,
    '         
,         ""      AVC
   ,          
     MC     ,   
(   ) '             
 
6.    :   
  FC, VC, TC, AC,  MC        ,     
  
 :
               
           ,   
         
           
   -    
     '          
   ;        '   
             - ,
         
  -  
               
'     
     (LRAC)       ,  
       LRAC   U    ,  
2.
    -        

     -   -     AC  
 
         ,     , 
                    
7.    : MC  AC    
 
       :
 MC <AC, AC  
 MC > AC  ,  AC  
MC  AC  AC  -  '   

? 
           ,    , 
      -      -  GPA   
   ;      
  ', MC    ' J-    (    
), U-  AC              
 -   
 
8.      
 ,        :
800  ',  35   
1,200  ', AC ₹28 '  
1,800  ', AC ₹32  
      .        1,200 
     -   ₹40          
 1,800              
,      
        :   1,200   ,  
   -   ,       
   
 
1.  
o ,  , , , 
2.
o ,  ,   
2. -  -
o  :-   ; U-  AC
o  :   ; -   
3.  -  
 ?
o      AFC  AC 
 
o      MC  AC 
 
o   MC 
 ,  AC 
 
4. - 
o MC  AC  - '     
 
5.  
o --          

 
o  MC          
            :    
 -   ,   ,    - 
    
  U-  AC   , 
       
         
-
5.      ?        
    ?
:󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃  :      
        ,      "  " 
         -       ,   
    ,             
     
  ,     
   
 ,       -      
2.
                   
 ,       ,     ,       
   
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   ?
                
    ,            
     
      -    " "
 -             

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
                
 :
1.       
             -       ,
               
   
   
       , 
  
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾       '     ,    
 -

         ,     
  
 
2.  
   ,          
,    

,     
 -             
      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  
              

,       '   
3.    
2.
     '             
  ,       

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾    ,          ,  
                
 
(      )
4.    
          - ,   

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾             ,    
       
5.    
         
,          
 
            
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾               ,  
   -   ""    
6.    
  ,    
  ,     

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     -    -     
󹳣󹳤󹳥         ?
    
  , ,            
         ?
         
󷫡󷫢󷫣󷫤   
          
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳:      
2.
 ,    ,           , 
    
 ,    -  ,   
  -         
 ,  30         20     
 
      
 ,       25    -    
  , ₹22   ',   :         
,             - ₹22 - 
  ,             

             
  
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫   ( )

(₹/)
  
()
   
()
20
100
60
22
80
80󷃆󼽢()
25
60
100
:
20 ',  >     
25 ',  >     
22 ',  =      
󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󷻀󷻁󻯊󻯋󼊵󼊶󻯌󷻑󻯍󼊷󼊸󷻕󷻖󷻚󷻛󷻗󼊳󻯎󻯏󻯐󼊴󼊹󷻋󷻌 :    
   ,           

   ₹22   ,       '      
  ₹23 '     ,   
   ₹21 '  , 
     
 ,          -    
󹳣󹳤󹳥   
2.
AR ( ) = MR ( ) =  
    (MC  AC)          
    
    MC = MR
󹳦󹳤󹳧   :  
   ,    (   )     
    ,         
      
  
 
    
 ,       
     
    ,         
  ,         = -   (AC) →  
6.    ?          
   ?
:󷉸󷉹󷉺  
:    
 -      ,      ,     
               -  
        ,  
     
,     
      ,           
   ,             
     ,   , ,          
        ,        

  ,  -    ,      
    -              


󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 1:    ?
2.
     
              :
󹻁 :
1.    :      ,    
     
2.  :   
 -  ,  , ,   
      
3.     :             
      
4.   :       
 '   
5.  ' :    ,      
              
   ,         ,      
 ,          
  
,                -  
   ,      
󼪺󼪻 2:       
         
               
         -           
󹳦󹳤󹳧      
   ,         '    
       
2.
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫     ?
       (MC) =   (MR)  
  ',        
  (AC) '   :
o   > AC ,     
 
o   = AC,     
 
o   AC ,     ,       
       
󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷 :
    ₹20          ₹15     ₹5  

            
    
...
 3:      
,                   
          ,          ?
        ,  
     
  
 
:
      
         (     )
2.
     ,          


󷃆󹸃󹸄   :
 MC = MR   ,    = AC   
   

         ,        
 
   ,              
 
     ,            


󷸌󷸍 4:      
 , 
   '            
     
   ,    '         
  
 
?

      

       ,          :
              
 ,   :
    
 
     -     , -   ' 


    ,     
󼨐󼨑󼨒 5:    -  
    ,         ,    
   -,     ,   
 
   ,         ,    

    ,         '  
  
2.
  ,   ,    
        
,           
     
 :  , ,   
 ,       
-
7. (1)        
(ii)         ?
: 󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃   :         

󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈 
:   
,    
          ,       
            ,    
        ,         
               
  ,    ,   ,    
 
  :         ?    ₹500
  

      ₹2000 
 ?   '   
 ,     
 ?
           ,    -    
 -    
                
     
󷆰 1:     -     
󹸯󹸭󹸮  ?
  ,                
        - :
1.   
 
2.   
 
2.
3.    
 
4.   
 
                 
   '    ,        
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿 :       
  -       :
              
  ,         :
  
  
   
  
          ,    :
  
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒  :     
󷃆󷃊  
       
"" 
? 
       
 -    
  
               
 
:        
 
    
        ,         
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  
        '     
  :       (MRP)     

󷃆󹸃󹸄   MRP:
2.
   
     
       ₹200/  
   '      ₹150/  
   MRP ₹150 
, 
  ?
󷃆󼽢 ₹150        
󷃆󼽢             

         
󷃆󷃋  
        :
:   (
  
 )
:       (     
 )
:     / 
 ,      ()        
   =   
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    ( ):



      : , ,  ,  


     (MRP)     '

 ,  ,   

      MRP =   
 
          
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  :     
 ,        -       
   
2.
        30  
      ₹300 

    ,      ,   20   

     
   : "       ₹200   , 
  
 
 "
         -           
  ,   ,        -       ' 
          
󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃 2:     -    
󹏡󼐠󼐡󹏢󷺎󷺏󼐚󼐛󼐜󼐝󷺔󷺕󼐢󷺖󼐞󼐟󹔱󹔲󹏧󹏨  
     '  : 
  
    ,   19
    
      '  

        

             ,    
   
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱     :
1.       -           
2.      
 -          
3. -   -     -      
4.    
5.       
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉   :       
       

󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈:    
         
2.
      :
 (  )
  ()
 C (  )
   '         
 A  100       
   80    
   60    
󽅄󽅅,   
 ?
  :    '        '  

 C      -       
 
 B 20      ,     = 20   

 
 A 40      ,     = 40   

 
     
   
        
󹳣󹳤󹳥 :
X-:    (   )
Y-: 
    (  )       
           
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨    :

  (    )  

  
  
2.
        ,   


     ,     
    

        
󷙎󷙐󷙏 :   
  
            

     
 
   '     
      
     ,      ' 

 
󷃆󹸊󹸋 :     ( )

 
  

  
  ( 
)

-  
    
 
 =  

 =    
   
, , , 
 
  

   
 '   

   

;    
󷕘󷕙󷕚:        ?
         
   -        
   ,       (     MRP )
      
    (   , ,  )  
2.
8. (1)             
  ?
(ii)         
: 󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃   :      
    ...
          -      ,
            ,   ,     
     , ,  -     -     
,    
 ,                
   "   
!"    "  

!"
      
       ,      ,  - 
           ,    
   -  ,    ,      
 ,      
   .  -     -     
    
                    
      
󼨐󼨑󼨒  I:       
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  .   ?
 .  (18851972)          ",
, " (1921)  ,       :
"       "
            
󷈜󷈝󷈞󷈟󷈠󷈡󷈢󷈣      ?
2.
  ,        
 -   
    
     :
:             
(    )
:      , ,   
,   !
            ,     
 
           -      
  
      
 
󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘      
         
   -, -
            :
1.  
o , , 
o   ;  ,     
2.  
o   ,    ,     
o   
,      
󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢   
       
  :
           
  , ,       
      ,    
 
 
,      
 ,        = 
2.
󷗛󷗜     :  
               
    '  ,   '  ,    
 
     
     
 
    
           
 "  "   
           , 
     
,     
      
          
 
  '   
󹸯󹸭󹸮      
    -       :
           ,     

 
       
        

        
 
     ,      
 -    '
       ( ) 
󽅇󽅈    ' 
    ,        
    :
1.       
  :
        (   )
  ,   , , 
     '  
2.  '   
2.
          
 
          
 ,      
  -  ,
     
3.     
   ,        :
o  
o    
o           

4.   

   '           

  ,           
󷃆󼽢  ,    
 
    ,         
:
   -    
   ,        
       


     
 
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  I  :    


  
 . 

1921
  
      

 =  (),  =  
( 
)
  
   
2.

      ,   

󼮲󼮱  II:     
  -   
       ,          
  
  
        ₹1,00,000 
  ,    ,  ,          

,             
          -           
    
󷩳󷩯󷩰󷩱󷩲     ?
 ,  ,         , 
  :
             
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚    
A.    
 
 :
 ( , )
 (          )
  
   (      )
B.    
 
 :
  (      )
 
  (, ,  )
2.
󹳦󹳤󹳧      ?
         ,     
  >   ,      
  >   ,      
     :
    =    
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫   (  )
   :
X- =    
Y- =   
       (
       )
       (
       )
        
󹸱󹸲󹸰     
1.  '   
      =   
2.
    ,   
,      
  ()    
2.       -    
          
     
,     
3.        
       - 
      
       
4.       
    , ,    ,      
 
󷙎󷙐󷙏    
󷃆󹸃󹸄     

 
  
 



  

    



     

- 
  -
 
 
      

  
      
 
󼪺󼪻 : 
  ?
          
       
         
2.
             , 
       '  
        
     
           
 , -   
       
  ,        
 -   , ,   , 
           
"               

       ,         "